@article {SYEN:SYEN652,
	title = {The phylogenetic relationships among infraorders and superfamilies of Diptera based on morphological evidence},
	journal = {Systematic Entomology},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {164{\textendash}179},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {Members of the megadiverse insect order Diptera (flies) have successfully colonized all continents and nearly all habitats. There are more than 154 000 described fly species, representing 10{\textendash}12\% of animal species. Elucidating the phylogenetic relationships of such a large component of global biodiversity is challenging, but significant advances have been made in the last few decades. Since Hennig first discussed the monophyly of major groupings, Diptera has attracted much study, but most researchers have used non-numerical qualitative methods to assess morphological data. More recently, quantitative phylogenetic methods have been used on both morphological and molecular data. All previous quantitative morphological studies addressed narrower phylogenetic problems, often below the suborder or infraorder level. Here we present the first numerical analysis of phylogenetic relationships of the entire order using a comprehensive morphological character matrix. We scored 371 external and internal morphological characters from larvae, pupae and adults for 42 species, representing all infraorders selected from 42 families. Almost all characters were obtained from previous studies but required revision for this ordinal-level study, with homology assessed beyond their original formulation and across all infraorders. We found significant support for many major clades (including the Diptera, Culicomorpha, Bibionomorpha, Brachycera, Eremoneura, Cyclorrhapha, Schizophora, Calyptratae and Oestroidea) and we summarize the character evidence for these groups. We found low levels of support for relationships between the infraorders of lower Diptera, lower Brachycera and major lineages of lower Cyclorrhapha, and this is consistent with findings from molecular studies. These poorly supported areas of the tree may be due to periods of rapid radiation that left few synapomorphies in surviving lineages.},
	issn = {1365-3113},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00652.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00652.x},
	author = {Christine Lambkin and Sinclair, Bradley J. and Pape, Thomas and Gregory W. Courtney and Jeffrey H. Skevington and Rudolf Meier and Yeates, David K. and Vladimir A. Blagoderov and Brian M. Wiegmann}
}
@article {45413,
	title = {Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1012675108},
	author = {Brian M. Wiegmann and Michelle D. Trautwein and Isaac S. Winkler and Norman B. Barr and Jung-Wook Kim and Christine Lambkin and Matthew A. Bertone and Brian K. Cassel and Keith M. Bayless and Alysha M. Heimberg and Benjamin M. Wheeler and Kevin J. Peterson and Pape, Thomas and Sinclair, Bradley J. and Jeffrey H. Skevington and Vladimir A. Blagoderov and Jason Caravas and Sujatha Narayanan Kutty and Urs Schmidt-Ott and Gail E. Kampmeier and Thompson, F. Christian and Grimaldi, David A. and Andrew T. Beckenbach and Gregory W. Courtney and Markus Friedrich and Rudolf Meier and Yeates, David K.}
}
@article {45408,
	title = {Isoptera, Embioptera, Neuroptera, Mecoptera, Raphidioptera and Diptera types in ZFMK},
	journal = {Bonn zoological Bulletin},
	volume = {58},
	year = {2010},
	month = {11/2010},
	pages = {49-88},
	abstract = {The total type material of the Embioptera, Isoptera, Neuroptera, Mecoptera, Raphidioptera and Diptera collections housed in the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), as of 30 September 2010, are catalogued. Exclusive of the Phoridae collections of Schmitz and Beyer (which contain 452 and 152 types, respectively), the collections contain 263 holotypes, 79 lectotypes and five neotypes. Forty species are represented by syntypes and 328 by para- and paralectotypes. Except for the Phoridae collection, reference to the original description of each taxon is provided and sex and number of each type are given.},
	keywords = {Cecidomyiidae, Sciaridae, Type specimens, ZFMK},
	url = {http://zfmk.de/BZB/Band_58/bzb_58_isop_dorchin.pdf},
	author = {Dorchin, Netta and Sinclair, Bradley J.}
}
@article {43870,
	title = {The male genital tract and aedeagal components of the Diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance},
	journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {711-742},
	abstract = {The male genital tract of Diptera is surveyed, based on whole dissections, with emphasis on nematocerous infraorders and especially the Culicomorpha. The genital tracts of all available nematocerous families are described and illustrated, including, for the first time, those of the families Thaumaleidae, Dixidae, Hesperinidae, and Pachyneuridae, and, as an outgroup, the mecopteran family Nannochoristidae (Mecoptera). On the basis of outgroup comparison, the Diptera + Mecoptera + Siphonaptera share the synapomorphies of accessory gland continuous with the vas deferens and U-shaped vasa deferentia. Further synapomorphies of the male genital tract provide evidence of the monophyly of the Mecoptera + Siphonaptera, Boreidae + Siphonaptera, and the Blephariceridae + Psychodidae + Trichoceridae + Anisopodidae + Brachycera. The Bibionomorpha, Culicomorpha, and Ptychopteromorpha share the synapomorphy of paired, two- to three-chambered accessory gland complexes, with secondary losses in Corethrellidae + Culicidae. It is concluded that there is no convincing evidence for the monophyly of the Chironomoidea. A sperm pump with an ejaculatory apodeme and the absence of a spermatophore are considered to be part of the ground plan of Diptera, but, because of uncertainty as to the identity of the basal lineage within Diptera and the homology of the sperm pump outside of Diptera, the polarity of these features cannot be presently interpreted},
	url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Sinclair_Borkent_Wood_2007_male_genital_tract.pdf},
	author = {Sinclair, Bradley J. and Borkent, Art and Wood, D. Monty}
}
