@article {22742,
	title = {Histological structure of clypeo-cibarial and labral skeleton and musculature in Nematocera (Diptera). 3. Bibionomorpha},
	journal = {Zoologicheskii Zhurnal},
	volume = {83},
	number = {5},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ArticleRussian},
	pages = {580-596},
	abstract = {The labrum in the Bibionomorpha studied is developed to a different extent. It is elongated in Bolitophila, Sylvicola, and Bibio, relatively short in many mycetophilids, and very short in Keroplatus. Its outer wall is usually sclerotized and rarely membranous (Keroplatus, Scatopse, and Sylvicola). The labro-epipharyngeal muscle fibers are found in the majority of species studied. They are mostly located at the labral base and in Bolitophila, through the whole labrum. Except for Keroplatus, there exists a clypeo-labral muscle acting perhaps as a labral levator. The clypeus either has a form of completely sclerotized shield strongly fused with the frons and genae (Bolitophila, Macrocera, Scatopse); or it consists of a sclerotized shield-like centroclypeus surrounded with its membranous zone (Mycetophillidae, Bradysia); or its sclerotized portion is horseshoe-shaped and also surrounded with a membrane, except for a narrow sclerotized stripe connecting it with the frons (Bibio, Sylvicola). Correspondingly, there are three types of clypeo-cibarial junction: distal rod-shaped, central lamellar, and central rod-shaped, the latter being similar to the fulcrum of brachyceran Diptera. Epithelial clypeo-cibarial junction is absent. There is a tentorio-cibarial muscle in all the studied species of Bibionomorpha, whereas a very feeble cranio-cibarial muscle was found only in Boletina and Scartopse.},
	keywords = {Animalia-; Bibio- (Diptera-): genus-; Bibionomorpha- (Diptera-): genus-; Bolitophila- (Diptera-): genus-; Bradysia- (Diptera-): genus-; Keroplatus- (Diptera-): genus-; Macrocera- (Diptera-): genus-; Mycetophillidae- (Diptera-): higher-taxa; Nematocera- (D, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, central-rod-shaped, clypeo-cibarial, distal-rod-shaped; histological-structure, Insecta-, Insects-, Integumentary-System: Chemical-Coordination-and-Homeostasis; Muscular-System: Movement-and-Support; [75314-] Diptera-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-; centroclypeus-: sclerotized-, labral-; clypeo-cibarial-junction-types: central-lamellar, shield-like; clypeo-labral-muscle: muscular-system; frons-; labral-base; labro-epipharyngeal-muscle-fibers: muscular-system; labrum-: skeletal-system; skeleton-: skeletal-system},
	author = {Panov, A. A.}
}
@article {22870,
	title = {Contribution to the study of fungus-gnats (Diptera: Mycetophiloidea) of Portugal. 7: Two new records},
	journal = {Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia},
	number = {207},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {305-307},
	abstract = {In this study two new mycetophilid records are presented to Portugal: Keroplatus reaumurii (Dufour, 1839) and Synapha vitripennis (Meigen, 1818).},
	keywords = {Animalia-; Keroplatus-reaumurii (Diptera-): species-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, description-; fungus-gnat (Diptera-): common-; Diptera-: Animals-, description-; Synapha-vitripennis (Diptera-): species-, Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-; Portugal-: Europe-, new-species, Palearctic-region; geographic-distribution, Systematics-and-Taxonomy; [75314-] Diptera-[new-taxon]},
	author = {Ribeiro, Eugenia}
}
@article {22967,
	title = {Diptera (excluding Mycetophilidae s. str.) associated with fungi in Czech and Slovak Republics: A survey of rearing records from 1998-2000},
	journal = {Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {157-168},
	abstract = {New data on the biology of Diptera associated with fungi are presented in this paper based on the investigations in 1998-2000. Altogether 67 species of Diptera (excl. Mycetophilidae) belonging to 22 families were reared from 82 species of fungi collected in Czech and Slovak Republics. Five species of parasitoids from the families Braconidae and Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera) reared from their hosts are also recorded. Thirteen species of Diptera and 4 species of Hymenoptera are recorded for the first time from Czech or Slovak Republics. The first record of a host fungus is given for the following species: Keroplatus tuvensis A.ZAITZEV, 1991; Scatopsciara neglecta MENZEL and MOHRIG, 1998; Monardia modesta (WILLISTON, 1896); Spaniocera squamigera WINNERTZ, 1863; Psychomora vanharai JEZEK, 1995; Agathomyia antennata (ZETTERSTEDT, 1819) and Seri obscuripennis (OLDENBERG, 1916).},
	keywords = {Animalia-; [15000-] Fungi-, Arthropoda-, Environmental-Sciences; [75314-] Diptera-, Insecta-, Invertebrata-, Plantae-; Agathomyia-antennata (Diptera-); Braconidae- (Diptera-); Diptera- (Diptera-); Eucoilidae- (Diptera-); Ker, Terrestrial-Ecology: Ecology-},
	url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Sevcik_2001_Diptera_and_fungus.pdf},
	author = {Jan {\v S}ev{\v c}{\'\i}k}
}
@article {23167,
	title = {Two bioluminescent diptera: The North American Orfelia fultoni and the Australian Arachnocampa flava. Similar niche, different bioluminescence systems},
	journal = {Photochemistry and Photobiology},
	volume = {75},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {22-27},
	abstract = {Orfelia fultoni is the only bioluminescent dipteran (Mycetophilidae) found in North America. Its larvae live on stream banks in the Appalachian Mountains. Like their Australasian relative Arachnocampa spp., they build sticky webs to which their bioluminescence attracts flying prey. They bear two translucent lanterns at the extremities of the body, histologically distinct from the single caudal lantern of Arachnocampa spp., and emit the bluest bioluminescence recorded for luminescent insects (lambdamax=460 nm versus 484 nm from Arachnocampa). A preliminary characterization of these two bioluminescent systems indicates that they are markedly different. In Orfelia a luciferin-luciferase reaction was demonstrated by mixing a hot extract prepared with dithiothreitol (DTT) under argon with a crude cold extract. Bioluminescence is not activated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but is strongly stimulated by DTT and ascorbic acid. Using gel filtration, we isolated a luciferase fraction of apprx140 kDa and an additional high molecular weight fraction (possibly a luciferin-binding protein) that activated bioluminescence in the presence of luciferase and DTT. The Arachnocampa luciferin-luciferase system involves a 36 kDa luciferase and a luciferin soluble in ethyl acetate under acidic conditions; the bioluminescence is activated by ATP but not by DTT. The present findings indicate that the bioluminescence of O. fultoni constitutes a novel bioluminescent system unrelated to that of Arachnocampa.},
	keywords = {111839-44-2Q; argon-: 7440-37-1; ascorbic-acid: 50-81-7Q, 121295-11-2Q; Appalachian-Mountains: USA-, 21730-91-6Q, 42530-29-0Q, 50909-86-9Q, 55779-48-1Q, 58947-91-4Q, 61369-27-5Q, 61869-41-8Q, 61969-99-1Q, 61970-00-1Q, 62213-54-1Q, 62624-30-0Q; dithiothereitol-: DTT-; ethyl-acetate: 141-78-6; luciferase-: 9014-00-0Q, 7273-34-9Q, 76106-81-5Q; luciferin-: 2591-17-5Q, 94587-45-8Q, Animalia-; Arachnocampa-flava (Diptera-): Australian-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Bioenergetics-: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Radiation-Biology; [75314-] Diptera-, bioluminescent-, bioluminescent-; Keroplatus- (Diptera-): bioluminescent-; Orfelia-fultoni (Diptera-): North-American, Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-; caudal-lantern; ATP-: 56-65-5Q, larvae-; Diptera-: Animals-, Nearctic-region; 56-65-5Q; 42530-29-0Q; 94587-45-8Q; 111839-44-2Q; 7440-37-1; 50-81-7Q; 62624-30-0Q; 141-78-6; 9014-00-0Q; 61869-41-8Q; 61969-99-1Q; 61970-00-1Q; 62213-54-1Q; 76106-81-5Q; 2591-17-5Q;, North-America},
	url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Viviani_et_al_2002_fultoni_\&_aracnocampa.pdf},
	author = {Viviani, Vadim R. and Hastings, J. Woodland and Wilson, Therese}
}
@article {22741,
	title = {Histological structure of the food canal in Nematocera (Diptera) imago head. 3. Sciaroidea},
	journal = {Zoologicheskii Zhurnal},
	volume = {80},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ArticleRussian},
	pages = {421-432},
	abstract = {<p>Sciaroid gnats have different pharyngeal apparatus, despite similar mouthparts and food specialization. The pharynx in Bolitophilidae and Sciaridae is similar to that in Tipulomorpha, Psychodomorpha species and in some representatives of Culicomorpha. Whereas another pharynx type was found in Macroceridae, Keroplatidae, and in some Mycetophilidae species. Its specific features are as follows: nonsclerotized intima, folded epithelium, and a layer of circular muscular fibers around the epithelium. When the sclerotization of the pharynx wall becomes weaker, muscular fibers of the posterior dorsal dilators shift their insertion from the dorsal wall of the pharynx to its lateral longitudinal ridges. The structure of the pharynx in Keroplatidae-Macroceridae is similar to that in Chironomidae described earlier. The characteristics of the pharynx in representatives of these three families may reflect both a weakening of its activity and changes in its mode of function.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animalia-; Bolitophilidae- (Diptera-): gnat-; Culicomorpha- (Diptera-): gnat-; Keroplatidae- (Diptera-): gnat-; Macroceridae- (Diptera-): gnat-; Mycetophilidae- (Diptera-): gnat-; Psychodomorpha- (Diptera-): gnat-; Sciaridae- (Diptera-): gnat-; Tipulomorp, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Dental-and-Oral-System: Ingestion-and-Assimilation; Digestive-System: Ingestion-and-Assimilation; [75314-] Diptera-, Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-; pharynx-: dental-and-oral-system; food-canal; food-specialization},
	author = {Panov, A. A.}
}
