@article {SYEN:SYEN652,
	title = {The phylogenetic relationships among infraorders and superfamilies of Diptera based on morphological evidence},
	journal = {Systematic Entomology},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {164{\textendash}179},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {Members of the megadiverse insect order Diptera (flies) have successfully colonized all continents and nearly all habitats. There are more than 154 000 described fly species, representing 10{\textendash}12\% of animal species. Elucidating the phylogenetic relationships of such a large component of global biodiversity is challenging, but significant advances have been made in the last few decades. Since Hennig first discussed the monophyly of major groupings, Diptera has attracted much study, but most researchers have used non-numerical qualitative methods to assess morphological data. More recently, quantitative phylogenetic methods have been used on both morphological and molecular data. All previous quantitative morphological studies addressed narrower phylogenetic problems, often below the suborder or infraorder level. Here we present the first numerical analysis of phylogenetic relationships of the entire order using a comprehensive morphological character matrix. We scored 371 external and internal morphological characters from larvae, pupae and adults for 42 species, representing all infraorders selected from 42 families. Almost all characters were obtained from previous studies but required revision for this ordinal-level study, with homology assessed beyond their original formulation and across all infraorders. We found significant support for many major clades (including the Diptera, Culicomorpha, Bibionomorpha, Brachycera, Eremoneura, Cyclorrhapha, Schizophora, Calyptratae and Oestroidea) and we summarize the character evidence for these groups. We found low levels of support for relationships between the infraorders of lower Diptera, lower Brachycera and major lineages of lower Cyclorrhapha, and this is consistent with findings from molecular studies. These poorly supported areas of the tree may be due to periods of rapid radiation that left few synapomorphies in surviving lineages.},
	issn = {1365-3113},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00652.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00652.x},
	author = {Christine Lambkin and Sinclair, Bradley J. and Pape, Thomas and Gregory W. Courtney and Jeffrey H. Skevington and Rudolf Meier and Yeates, David K. and Vladimir A. Blagoderov and Brian M. Wiegmann}
}
@article {45413,
	title = {Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1012675108},
	author = {Brian M. Wiegmann and Michelle D. Trautwein and Isaac S. Winkler and Norman B. Barr and Jung-Wook Kim and Christine Lambkin and Matthew A. Bertone and Brian K. Cassel and Keith M. Bayless and Alysha M. Heimberg and Benjamin M. Wheeler and Kevin J. Peterson and Pape, Thomas and Sinclair, Bradley J. and Jeffrey H. Skevington and Vladimir A. Blagoderov and Jason Caravas and Sujatha Narayanan Kutty and Urs Schmidt-Ott and Gail E. Kampmeier and Thompson, F. Christian and Grimaldi, David A. and Andrew T. Beckenbach and Gregory W. Courtney and Markus Friedrich and Rudolf Meier and Yeates, David K.}
}
@article {43674,
	title = {Distribution and phylogenetic relationships of Australian glow-worms Arachnocampa (Diptera, Keroplatidae)},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {506-514},
	abstract = {Glow-worms are bioluminescent fly larvae (Order Diptera, genus Arachnocampa) found only in Australia and New Zealand. Their core habitat is rainforest gullies and wet caves. Eight species are present in Australia; five of them have been recently described. The geographic distribution of species in Australia encompasses the montane regions of the eastern Australian coastline from the Wet Tropics region of northern Queensland to the cool temperate and montane rainforests of southern Australia and Tasmania. Phylogenetic trees based upon partial sequences of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase 11 and 16S mtDNA show that populations tend to be clustered into allopatric geographic groups showing overall concordance with the known species distributions. The deepest division is between the cool-adapted southern subgenus, Lucifera, and the more widespread subgenus, Campara. Lucifera comprises the sister groups, A. tasmaniensis, from Tasmania and the newly described species, A. buffaloensis, found in a high-altitude cave at Mt Buffalo in the Australian Alps in Victoria. The remaining Australian glow-worms in subgenus Campara are distributed in a swathe of geographic clusters that extend from the Wet Tropics in northern Queensland to the temperate forests of southern Victoria. Samples from caves and rainforests within any one geographic location tended to cluster together within a clade. We suggest that the morphological differences between hypogean (cave) and epigean (surface) glow-worm larvae are facultative adaptations to local microclimatic conditions rather than due to the presence of cryptic species in caves. Crown copyright [copyright] 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Baker\&al_2008_MolPhylogEvol_Arachnocampa.pdf},
	author = {Baker, Claire H. and Graham, Glenn C. and Scott, Kirsten D. and Cameron, Stephen L. and Yeates, David K. and Merritt, David J.}
}
