@article {22053,
	title = {The influence of honeydew on arthropod community composition in a New Zealand beech forest},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Ecology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {23-29},
	abstract = {The effect of honeydew density on arthropod community structure was investigated in the Nothofagus forest of Nelson Lakes National Park, New Zealand. Pitfall trapping revealed no community response to honeydew density, whereas sticky trapping showed the community composition of trunk-dwelling arthropods varied along a honeydew gradient. Mycetophilidae, Staphylinidae, Pteromalidae and Margarodidae were classified as high honeydew biased, while Diapriidae and Platygasteridae were non-honeydew biased. Arthropod distributions within a forest are not uniform, as a result of honeydew patchiness.},
	keywords = {Angiospermae-, Animalia-; [26070-] Fagaceae-, Animalia-; [75304-] Coleoptera-, Animalia-; [75314-] Diptera-, Animalia-; [75326-] Hymenoptera-, Animalia-; arthropod- (Arthropoda-): common-; Staphylinidae- (Coleoptera-): family-; Mycetophilidae- (Diptera-): family-; Nothofagus- (Fagaceae-): genus-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, beech-, common-; Margarodidae- (Homoptera-): family-; scale-insect (Homoptera-): common-; Diapriidae- (Hymenoptera-): family-; Platygasteridae- (Hymenoptera-): family-; Pteromalidae- (Hymenoptera-): family-; Arthropoda-: Animals-, Dicotyledones-, Environmental-Sciences; [75000-] Arthropoda-, Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-; Coleoptera-: Animals-, Invertebrates-; Diptera-: Animals-, Invertebrates-; Fagaceae-: Ang, Plantae-; [75324-] Homoptera-, Spermatophyta-, Terrestrial-Ecology: Ecology-},
	url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Ewers_2002_The_influence _honeydew.pdf},
	author = {Ewers, Robert}
}
@article {22146,
	title = {Insect assemblages in a native (kanuka - Kunzea ericoides) and an invasive (gorse - Ulex europaeus) shrubland},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Ecology},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {35-47},
	abstract = {In New Zealand, the European shrub gorse (Ulex europaeus) is becoming the initial post-disturbance shrub, replacing the native myrtaceous manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) scrub in this role. Change in the dominant vegetation is likely to affect the native invertebrate community. To quantify these changes, we compared the assemblages of four selected insect taxa (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and two groups of Diptera, the Tachinidae and the fungus gnats, represented in New Zealand by the families Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae and Mycetophilidae) in neighboring stands of kanuka and gorse using Malaise and pitfall traps set during December. We sorted 34387 specimens into 564 recognisable taxonomic units. Ordinations showed that insect assemblages associated with each habitat were distinct for all four insect groups. The gorse habitat was species rich compared with kanuka for tachinids, fungus gnats and Malaise-trapped beetles, and both habitats contained few adventive species. Many species were unique to each habitat. Some species loss might occur if the kanuka-dominated community continues to be replaced by gorse, but gorse is nevertheless considered to be valuable as a habitat for native invertebrates.},
	keywords = {Angiospermae-, Animalia-; [26260-] Leguminosae-, Animalia-; [26430-] Myrtaceae-, Animalia-; [75314-] Diptera-, Arthropod, Arthropoda-, Biodiversity-; Biogeography-: Population-Studies; Terrestrial-Ecology: Ecology-, common-, common-; Coleoptera-: Animals-, common-; Leptospermum-scoparium (Myrtaceae-): species-, Dicotyledones-, Environmental-Sciences; [75304-] Coleoptera-, gorse-, Insecta-, Invertebrata-, kanuka-, manuka-, Plantae-; [75330-] Lepidoptera-, Plantae-; Coleoptera- (Coleoptera-): higher-taxa; Diptera- (Diptera-): higher-taxa; Ditomyiidae- (Diptera-): family-; Keroplatidae- (Diptera-): family-; Mycetophilidae- (Diptera-): family-; Tachinidae- (Diptera-): family-; fungus-gnat (Diptera-): common-;, post-disturbance-shrub; Lepidoptera- (Lepidoptera-): higher-taxa; Kunzea-ericoides (Myrtaceae-): species-, Spermatophyta-},
	url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Harris_et_al_2004_Insect_assemblages_schrubbland.pdf},
	author = {Harris, Richard J. and Toft, Richard J. and Dugdale, John S. and Williams, Peter A. and Rees, Joanna S.}
}
@article {22704,
	title = {Regional diversity of mycetophilids (Diptera: Sciaroidea) in Scandinavian oak-dominated forests},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	volume = {121},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	note = {ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {9-20},
	abstract = {Mycetophilids is a species-rich insect group for which the ecological requirements in temperate forests are poorly understood. This study of mycetophilids was based on trap samples from 15 oak-dominated sites in the boreonemoral zone of southern Sweden. Species richness and composition were analysed in relation to environmental variables at a local and at larger scales (multiple regression), and compared to results from similar studies in spruce-dominated sites in the boreal zone of Norway (PCA and two-sample t tests). Regressions showing a dominance of regional factors over local in-site variables agree with species-richness models assuming that local communities most often are unsaturated. Precipitation (inter-correlated with elevation) was the strongest factor for explaining the variation in species-richness, which is consistent with previous results indicating that mycetophilids are disfavoured by drought. In addition to precipitation, the area of mixed forest with high biodiversity values (woodland key habitats and protected areas) was a positive factor for species-richness, probably because such habitats combine elements of both coniferous and deciduous forests. PCA ordination revealed a clear separation of the species composition between boreal and boreonemoral forests. Species-richness in boreal forest was significantly higher than in boreonemoral forest, indicating a preference for boreal habitats in many of the species. For mycetophilids and other drought-sensitive insects, it is suggested that (partial) cutting in some dense successional oak stands should be avoided, and that some invading spruces should be tolerated. Copyright 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Angiospermae-, Animalia-; [26070-] Fagaceae-, Arthropoda-, Biodiversity-; Biogeography-: Population-Studies; Forestry-; Terrestrial-Ecology: Ecology-, Dicotyledones-, Environmental-Sciences; [75314-] Diptera-, Insecta-, Invertebrata-, Plan, Spermatophyta-},
	url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Okland_et_al_2005_regional_Mycetophilidae.pdf},
	author = {Okland, Bjorn and Gotmark, Frank and Norden, Bjorn and Franc, Niklas and Kurina, Olavi and Polevoi, Alexei}
}
@article {22708,
	title = {Pollination by fungus gnats in four species of the genus Mitella (Saxifragaceae)},
	journal = {Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {144},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {449-460},
	abstract = {The first example of pollination by fungus gnats in the eudicots is reported. The genus Mitella (Saxifragales) is characteristically produces minute, inconspicuous, mostly dull-coloured flowers with linear, sometimes pinnately branched, petals. To understand the function of these characteristic flowers, we studied the pollination biology of four Mitella species with different floral traits and different sexual expression: dioecious M. acerina, gynodioecious M. furusei var. subramosa, and hermaphroditic M. stylosa var. makinoi and M. integripetala. Flower-bagging experiments showed that wind pollination did not occur in the dioecious and gynodioecious species. Two years of observations of flower visitors at six study sites in Japan revealed that the principal pollinators of all four Mitella were specific species of fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae), which landed on the flowers with their long spiny legs settling on the petals. Characteristically, numerous pollen grains were attached to the fungus gnats in specific locations on the body Although, on average, 1.3-2.6 fungus gnats visited each inflorescence per day, the fruit set of both bisexual and female flowers exceeded 63\%. These results suggest that fungus gnats are highly efficient pollinators of Mitella spp., and that Mitella flowers are morphologically adapted to pollination by fungus gnats. Copyright 2004 The Linnean Society of London.},
	keywords = {Angiospermae-, Animalia-; [26745-] Saxifragaceae-, Arthropoda-, Behavior-; Reproductive-System: Reproduction-; [75314-] Diptera-, common-, Dicotyledones-, fungus-gnat, Insecta-, Invertebrata-, Plantae-; Mycetophilidae- (Diptera-): family-, Spermatophyta-},
	url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Okuyama_et_al_2004_pollination_mitella.pdf},
	author = {Okuyama, Yudai and Kato, Makoto and Murakami, Noriaki}
}
@article {22935,
	title = {The soil fauna community in pure and mixed stands of beech and spruce of different age: Trophic structure and structuring forces},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {101},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {225-238},
	abstract = {This study investigates the response of the soil fauna community to replacement of beech by spruce or by mixed stands of beech and spruce. Stands of different age were investigated in a factorial design with the factors tree species (beech and spruce) and stand age (30 and 120 years). The input of leaf/needle litter did not differ significantly between the study sites. By contrast, the amount of organic matter in upper soil layers (L/F, H/Ah) of spruce forests strongly exceeded that of beech forests particularly in mature stands. The increase in organic matter in spruce stands was not associated by an increase in the amount of microbial biomass. Biomass of eight (bacterivorous, fungivorous and omnivorous nematodes, enchytraeids, earthworms, isopodes, mycetophilid and cecidomyiid Diptera) of the twelve microbi-detritivorous soil animal groups studied was significantly increased in beech forests; only that of one group (elaterid beetles) was increased in spruce forests and three groups did not respond significantly (collembolans, oribatid mites, sciarid Diptera). This indicates that in the forests studied neither habitat space (amount of organic matter in L/F and H/Ah layers) nor the amount of microbial biomass controlled microbi-detritivores. Rather, the quality of litter materials and the concentration of microbial biomass therein appeared to be most important. Herbivores and predators also were favoured by beech: the biomass of one (rhizophagous nematodes) of the three herbivorous groups studied were significantly increased in beech stands and none in spruce stands; the biomass of four (predatory nematodes, centipedes, carabid and cantharid beetles) of the seven carnivorous groups studied were increased in beech stands, none in spruce stands. Generally, the biomass ratio between prey and predators was at a minimum in mature beech and mixed stands indicating more intense top-down control in these forests. Overall, the study documents that replacement of beech by spruce strongly alters the soil food web. Mixed stands were more similar to spruce stands in respect to the biomass of soil animal groups but predator-prey interactions appeared to be more similar in mature beech and mixed stands. Differences between tree species usually were more pronounced in 120 compared to 30 years old stands indicating that the development of stand characteristics is slow.},
	keywords = {Angiospermae-, Animalia-; [25102-] Coniferopsida-, Animalia-; [26070-] Fagaceae-, Animalia-; [75202-] Chilopoda-, Animalia-; [75304-] Coleoptera-, Animalia-; [75306-] Collembola-, Animalia-; oribatid-mite (Acarina-): common-; centipede- (Chilopoda-): common-; beetle- (Coleoptera-): common-; carabid- (Coleoptera-): common-; collembolan- (Collembola-): common-; spruce- (Coniferopsida-): common-; Diptera- (Diptera-): higher-taxa; beec, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Aschelminthes-, Chelicerata-, Chelicerates-, Dicotyledones-, Environmental-Sciences; [75403-] Acarina-, Gymnospermae-, Helminthes-, Insecta-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-; Chilopod, Myriapoda-, Plantae-; [51300-] Nematoda-, Plantae-; [75314-] Diptera-, Spermatophyta-, Terrestrial-Ecology: Ecology-},
	author = {Scheu, Stefan and Albers, Derk and Alphei, Joern and Buryn, Romuald and Klages, Ute and Migge, Sonja and Platner, Christian and Salamon, Joerg-Alfred}
}
@article {23111,
	title = {Impacts of the weed Tradescantia fluminensis on insect communities in fragmented forests in New Zealand},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	volume = {102},
	number = {1},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ArticleEnglish},
	pages = {31-46},
	abstract = {The impact of the weed Tradescantia fluminensis on insect communities, as represented by Malaise-trapped beetles (Coleoptera) and fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae s. l.), was studied in three forest fragments. Each fragment contained three plots with and without a dense weed cover. Data on vegetation and habitat variables were collected. Twinspan and Decorana analyses separated the plots by fragment for fungus gnat communities, and nearly so for the presence/absence of beetle species. The fungus gnat communities separated into plots with and without tradescantia at two sites, and there were fewer species of fungus gnats and beetles in tradescantia plots at the site with the simplest habitat structure. The richness of beetle and fungus gnat species was correlated with vascular plant richness. As tradescantia is known to prevent regeneration of many native plants, we predict a corresponding decline in invertebrate diversity and fragment complementarity where the weed is established.},
	keywords = {Angiospermae-, Animalia-; [25260-] Commelinaceae-, Animalia-; beetle- (Coleoptera-); Tradescantia-fluminensis (Commelinaceae-): weed-; fungus-gnat (Diptera-); Coleoptera-: Animals-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Biodiversity-; Conservation-; [75304-] Coleoptera-, Insecta-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-; Commelinaceae-: Angiosperms-, Invertebrates-; New-Zealand: Australasian-region; Decorana-analysis: analytical-method; Twinspan-analysis: analytical-method; fragmented-forests; insect-communities; species-richness, Monocots-, Monocotyledones-, Plantae-; [75314-] Diptera-, Plants-, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, Vascular-Plants; Diptera-: Animals-},
	url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Toft_et_al_2001.pdf},
	author = {Toft, Richard J. and Harris, Richard J. and Williams, Peter A.}
}
