01693nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245009200055210006900147300001000216490000800226520096900234653001901203653001301222653001601235653002201251653001601273653002501289100002801314700002801342700002601370856006701396       2009                        eng d  a0378-269700aSelf-incompatibility and myophily in Octomeria (Orchidaceae, Pleurothallidinae) species0 aSelfincompatibility and myophily in Octomeria Orchidaceae Pleuro  a1–80 v2833 aPleurothallidinae (ca. 4,000 spp.) is the largest myophilous group in Orchidaceae. Recently three self-compatible bird-pollinated genera were included at the base of the group, while Octomeria (plus Brachionidium ) is the sister group to the remaining subtribe in the former circumscription. Studies of reproductive biology of three Octomeria species were carried out to determine the occurrence of myophily and self-incompatibility in the genus, to help trace the evolution of these characteristics in the subtribe. The three species showed a strong self-incompatibility and are intercompatible. Octomeria crassifolia and O. grandiflora are pollinated by Sciaridae (Diptera) species, presenting high specificity. These results indicate that both self-incompatibility and myophily are basal characteristics in the former delimitation of the Pleurothallidinae and possibly have been kept in the derived lineages, representing biological synapomorphies of the group.10aMating systems10aMyophily10aOrchidaceae10aPleurothallidinae10aPollination10aSelf-incompatibility1 aBarbosa, Ariane, Raquel1 ade Melo, Marcos, Cabral1 aBorba, Eduardo, Leite  uhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/h167mg18462q6hj0/abstract/02913nas a2200277   4500008004100000245009500041210006900136300001400205490000700219520206900226653002402295653002802319653002202347653002702369653002402396653001202420653001602432653002202448653001602470653002102486653001402507653002102521100002102542700002102563856005102584       2005                        eng d00aPseudocopulatory Pollination in Lepanthes (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) by Fungus Gnats0 aPseudocopulatory Pollination in Lepanthes Orchidaceae Pleurothal  a763–7720 v953 a• Background and Aims:  Lepanthes is one of the largest angiosperm genera (>800 species). Their non-rewarding, tiny and colourful flowers are structurally complex. Their pollination mechanism has hitherto remained unknown, but has been subject of ample speculation; the function of the minuscule labellum appendix is especially puzzling. Here, the pollination of L. glicensteinii by sexually deceived male fungus gnats is described and illustrated.

• Methods:  Visitors to flowers of L. glicensteinii were photographed and their behaviour documented; some were captured for identification. Occasional visits to flowers of L. helleri, L. stenorhyncha and L. turialvae were also observed. Structural features of flowers and pollinators were studied with SEM.

• Key Results:  Sexually aroused males of the fungus gnat Bradysia floribunda (Diptera: Sciaridae) were the only visitors and pollinators of L. glicensteinii. The initial long-distance attractant seems to be olfactory. Upon finding a flower, the fly curls his abdomen under the labellum and grabs the appendix with his genitalic claspers, then dismounts the flower and turns around to face away from it. The pollinarium attaches to his abdomen during this pivoting manoeuvre. Pollinia are deposited on the stigma during a subsequent flower visit. The flies appear to ejaculate during pseudocopulation. The visitors of L. helleri, L. stenorhyncha and L. turialvae are different species of fungus gnats that display a similar behaviour.

• Conclusions:  Lepanthes glicensteinii has genitalic pseudocopulatory pollination, the first case reported outside of the Australian orchid genus Cryptostylis. Since most species of Lepanthes have the same unusual flower structure, it is predicted that pollination by sexual deception is prevalent in the genus. Several morphological and phenological traits in Lepanthes seem well suited for exploiting male fungus gnats as pollinators. Correspondingly, some demographic trends common in Lepanthes are consistent with patterns of male sciarid behaviour. 10aBradysia floribunda10aLepanthes glicensteinii10aLepanthes helleri10aLepanthes stenorhyncha10aLepanthes turialvae10amimicry10aOrchidaceae10aPleurothallidinae10aPollination10apseudocopulation10aSciaridae10asexual deception1 aBlanco, Mario, A1 aBarboza, Gabriel  uhttp://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/5/76301605nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245005900055210005900114300001400173490000700187520105900194653001701253653001901270653001201289653001601301653001901317100002601336856004901362       2010                        eng d  a0006-810100aBiotic Resource Needs of Specialist Orchid Pollinators0 aBiotic Resource Needs of Specialist Orchid Pollinators  a275–2920 v763 aOrchid pollinators have highly varied life histories with complex biotic resource requirements, about which we have limited knowledge. Among the specialist orchid pollinators are insect predators and parasitoids with specific prey types such as aphids and subterranean scarab larvae; oligolectic bees that collect pollen from limited sources such as bellflowers; euglossine bees and butterflies that collect particular plant chemicals for reproduction and self defense; oil-collecting bees that provision their brood cells with floral oils from a few plants; bees that collect rare floral resins to construct their nest and brood cells; moths and butterflies that require specific larval host plants; mosquitos and horse flies that need blood; and fungus gnats and carrion flies tied to fungi and dead animals. Loss of critical biotic resources and relationships can reduce the abundance of orchid pollinators and/or their effectiveness. Protection of large, plant rich, pesticide-free orchid habitats is key to conserving essential pollinator resources.10aConservation10aLife Histories10aOrchids10aPollination10aResource Needs1 aPemberton, Robert, W.  uhttps://sciaroidea.myspecies.info/node/4520801782nas a2200253   4500008004100000022004200041245007400083210006900157300001200226490000700238520103300245653001301278653001901291653002001310653001601330653002101346653001101367100001701378700001801395700001901413700001801432700001901450856005901469       2009                        eng d  a1175-9003 (print), 1179-352X (online)00aSmall arthropods as pollinators in a New Zealand pak choi field trial0 aSmall arthropods as pollinators in a New Zealand pak choi field   a92–980 v623 aBrassica seed crops are grown throughout New Zealand and worldwide, and inter-crop and crop-weed contamination through gene flow is a major concern. For Brassica, large arthropods (body length > 3 mm), particularly honey bees, are the most important pollinators and are considered key vectors of pollen. Small arthropods (body length < 3 mm) are also abundant in Brassica crops but their role as pollinators is rarely assessed. Numerous small arthropods (particularly Diptera and Thysanoptera) were recorded within cages surrounding pak choi inflorescences that excluded large arthropods. Inflorescences inside these cages set seed, but seed set was significantly reduced compared with inflorescences in cages that were hand pollinated and uncaged inflorescences. Although the presence of large arthropods significantly increased seed set, the role of small arthropods and wind cannot be excluded in pak choi pollination. Further studies are required to fully determine the role of small arthropods in long distance pollen flow.10aBrassica10aexclusion cage10apollen movement10aPollination10asmall arthropods10athrips1 aWalker, M.K.1 aHowlett, B.G.1 aMcCallum, J.A.1 aWallace, A.R.1 aTeulon, D.A.J.  uhttp://www.nzpps.org/journal/abstract.php?paper=62092001774nas a2200277   4500008004100000022004200041245006800083210006700151300001200218490000700230520099200237653001301229653001201242653002001254653001601274653001601290653001601306653001601322653001701338653000901355100001801364700001701382700001901399700001901418856005901437       2009                        eng d  a1175-9003 (print), 1179-352X (online)00aSmall flower-visiting arthropods in New Zealand pak choi fields0 aSmall flowervisiting arthropods in New Zealand pak choi fields  a86–910 v623 aFlower-visiting small arthropods (body length <3 mm) that may vector pollen can be carried via air currents over long distances. Therefore,
assessing their diversity, abundance and distribution within crops is an important step in determining their role in the transfer of pollen between crops and weeds leading to crop contamination. A window trap survey of eight flowering pak choi field trials in the North and South Islands of New Zealand demonstrated that small arthropods, particularly flies and thrips, were highly abundant within all fields, greatly dominating arthropod counts. However, the relative abundance of different taxa could vary substantially. For example, Drosophilidae individuals represented 65.5% of total arthropod individuals counted in a Pukekohe field and only 7.0% in a Hastings field. The large representation of small arthropods within flowering fields across New Zealand warrants further investigation of their contribution to pollination and pollen flow.10aBrassica10aDiptera10aflower visitors10aNew Zealand10apollen flow10aPollination10aseed purity10aThysanoptera10awind1 aHowlett, B.G.1 aWalker, M.K.1 aMcCallum, J.A.1 aTeulon, D.A.J.  uhttp://www.nzpps.org/journal/abstract.php?paper=62086002283nas a2200301   4500008004100000245010700041210006900148300001200217490000700229520135200236653001701588653001401605653002901619653001401648653001901662653001601681653001601697653001601713653001601729653002101745653002001766653002401786653001501810100002601825700002801851700002201879856008001901       2005                        eng d00aPollination studies of four New Zealand terrestrial orchids and the implication for their conservation0 aPollination studies of four New Zealand terrestrial orchids and   a467-4770 v433 aThe New Zealand orchid flora comprises 25 genera and over 100 species. Most of the species are terrestrial and are found throughout the country. Terrestrial orchids are the most threatened group within the family. We studied the pollination ecology of four terrestrial orchids: Gastrodia cunninghamii, Thelymitra longifolia, Pterostylis alobula, and P. patens. Reproduction of these orchids relies on contrasting reproductive strategies. Thelymitra longifolia is predominantly self-pollinated, whereas both Pterostylis species are cross-pollinated and have an absolute dependence on pollinators. Hand-pollination treatments showed T. longifolia, P. alobula, and P. patens to be self-compatible. Results for G. cunninghamii were unclear and need further study. Insect flower visitation is uncommon in these species and was observed only in G. cunninghamii and P. alobula. Aphids were usually found inside the flowers of G. cunninghamii, but the role they may have as pollinators is undetermined. In P. alobula, male fungus gnats of Zygomyia (Mycetophilidae: Diptera) were considered pollinators. Hypotheses on the attraction system(s) used by these greenhood orchids are discussed. These two species are more likely to be affected by disruption of the plant-pollinator mutualism because of the specialist nature of the plant-pollinator interaction.10aConservation10aDiplodium10adisruption of mutualisms10aGastrodia10aMycetophilidae10aNew Zealand10aOrchidaceae10aPollination10aPterostylis10asexual deception10ashelter flowers10aterrestrial orchids10aThelymitra1 aLehnebach, Carlos, A.1 aRobertson, Alastair, W.1 aHedderley, Duncan  uhttp://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Lehnebach&al2005_NZJournBot.pdf