01605nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245005900055210005900114300001400173490000700187520105900194653001701253653001901270653001201289653001601301653001901317100002601336856004901362       2010                        eng d  a0006-810100aBiotic Resource Needs of Specialist Orchid Pollinators0 aBiotic Resource Needs of Specialist Orchid Pollinators  a275–2920 v763 aOrchid pollinators have highly varied life histories with complex biotic resource requirements, about which we have limited knowledge. Among the specialist orchid pollinators are insect predators and parasitoids with specific prey types such as aphids and subterranean scarab larvae; oligolectic bees that collect pollen from limited sources such as bellflowers; euglossine bees and butterflies that collect particular plant chemicals for reproduction and self defense; oil-collecting bees that provision their brood cells with floral oils from a few plants; bees that collect rare floral resins to construct their nest and brood cells; moths and butterflies that require specific larval host plants; mosquitos and horse flies that need blood; and fungus gnats and carrion flies tied to fungi and dead animals. Loss of critical biotic resources and relationships can reduce the abundance of orchid pollinators and/or their effectiveness. Protection of large, plant rich, pesticide-free orchid habitats is key to conserving essential pollinator resources.10aConservation10aLife Histories10aOrchids10aPollination10aResource Needs1 aPemberton, Robert, W.  uhttps://sciaroidea.myspecies.info/node/45208